ABSTRACT
People with comorbidities and the male sex are at a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19. In the present study, we aim to investigate the associated factors for infection, severity, and death due to COVID-19 in a population from Nuevo León, México. Epidemiological COVID-19 data were collected from 65 hospitals from December 2020 to May 2022. A total of 75,232 cases were compiled from which 25,722 cases were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Male sex, older age, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension were associated with infection. In addition to the above-mentioned factors, renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and immunosuppression were found to be associated with increased COVID-19 severity. These factors, as well as neurological diseases, are also associated with death due to COVID-19. When comparing the different variants of SARs-CoV-2, the variant B1.1.519 increased the probability of death by 2.23 times compared to the AY.20 variant. Male sex, older age, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, severity, and death. Along with the aforementioned comorbidities, renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and immunosuppression are also associated with severity and death. Another factor associated with death is the presence of neurological disease. The SARS-CoV-2 B1.1.519 variant increases the odds of death compared to the SARS-CoV-2 AY.20 variant.
ABSTRACT
Despite the social distancing and mobility restriction measures implemented for susceptible people around the world, infections and deaths due to COVID-19 continued to increase, even more so in the first months of 2021 in Mexico. Thus, it is necessary to find risk groups that can benefit from more aggressive preventive measures in a high-density population. This is a case-control study of suspected COVID-19 patients from Nuevo León, Mexico. Cases were: (1) COVID-19-positive patients and COVID-19-positive patients who (2) developed pneumonia, (3) were intubated and (4) died. Controls were: (1) COVID-19-negative patients, (2) COVID-19-positive patients without pneumonia, (3) non-intubated COVID-19-positive patients and (4) surviving COVID-19-positive patients. ≥ 18 years of age, not pregnant, were included. The pre-existing conditions analysed as risk factors were age (years), sex (male), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, immunosuppression, obesity, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and smoking. The Mann-Whitney U tests, Chi square and binary logistic regression were used. A total of 56,715 suspected patients were analysed in Nuevo León, México, with 62.6% being positive for COVID-19 and, of those infected, 14% developed pneumonia, 2.9% were intubated and 8.1% died. The mean age of those infected was 44.7 years, while of those complicated it was around 60 years. Older age, male sex, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity were risk factors for infection, complications, and death from COVID-19. This study highlights the importance of timely recognition of the population exposed to pre-existing conditions to prioritise preventive measures against the virus.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pneumonia , Adult , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Comorbidity , Female , Hospitalization , Humans , Intubation, Intratracheal , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Pregnancy , Risk Factors , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Esta investigación realiza un análisis de contenido de 103 códigos de ética periodística de todo el mundo para comprobar su adaptación a las circunstancias derivadas de la pandemia Covid-1٩. A partir de siete recomendaciones formuladas por la Ethical Journalism Network (EJN), se analiza su presencia o ausencia en los códigos. Los resultados muestran una presencia desigual de los principios y diferencias importantes entre los códigos. Ninguno de ellos comprende las siete recomendaciones y solo uno asume seis de ellas. Por el contrario, 17 códigos contienen únicamente una recomendación y dos de ellos no recogen ninguna. Se concluye que las recomendaciones de la EJN más presentes en los códigos se relacionan con principios muy asentados en la ética periodística que dependen habitualmente de la fecha de actualización. Se propone incorporar secciones específicas sobre salud a los códigos. (AU)
This article presents the results of a content analysis of 103 journalistic codes of ethics throughout the world conducted to test the adaptation of these codes to Covid-19 pandemic. Based on seven recommendations formulated by the Ethical Journalism Network (EJN), we analyze the presence or absence of each principle. The findings show an uneven presence of the principles and important differences across the codes. None of the codes cover the seven recommendations and just one addressed six of them. In contrast, 17 codes contain only one recommendation and two do not contain any. The EJN recommendations that are most present in the codes address well-established principles in journalistic ethics. The year of the latest update of the code is also a determining factor. Specific sections on health should be incorporated into the codes. (AU)
Esse artigo desenvolve uma análise de conteúdo de 103 códigos jornalísticos de ética em todo o mundo para testar sua adaptação às circunstâncias da Covid-19. Com base nas sete recomendações formuladas pela Ethical Journalism Network (EJN), analisa a presença ou ausência de cada princípio. Os resultados mostram uma presença desigual de princípios e importantes diferenças entre os códigos. Nenhum deles entende as sete recomendações e apenas uma assume seis delas. Em contraste, 17 códigos contêm apenas uma recomendação e dois deles não contêm nenhum. Conclui-se que as recomendações da EJN mais presentes nos códigos dizem respeito a princípios muito estabelecidos na ética jornalística. O ano da última atualização do código também se torna um fator determinante. Propõe-se incorporar seções específicas de saúde nos códigos. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Journalism/ethics , Ethical Theory , Codes of Ethics/legislation & jurisprudence , COVID-19 , Health StrategiesABSTRACT
The rise in the spread of fake news and its viralization have become one of the significant communication challenges of the 21st century in the face of the difficulty of establishing effective formulas to stop its spread. From this context, this research aims to analyze the critical-discursive capacity of newsgames that have addressed the phenomenon of disinformation and fake news: Bad News (DROG, 2017), Fake it to make it (Amanda Warner, 2017), iReporter (BBC, 2018) and Factitious (Augame Studio, 2017-20). To this end, a qualitative analysis methodology is used to explain its narrative structure, informative purpose and playful-interactive proposal. The results reflect a primary discursive strategy oriented to the roleplaying of the players as creators, verifiers or disseminators of false news that responds to a wide range of topics (from political issues to those related to COVID-19). In this way, these games teach the dissemination strategies of this type of hoaxes and identify the motivation for their production.